Racial Equity
Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity

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Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity, 2018-22

What does this measure?

The unemployment rate for racial and ethnic groups in a geographic area. Unemployed individuals are those without jobs who are able, available and seeking work; the rate presents them as a share of the total labor force.

Why is this important?

Unemployment rates are a relatively timely indicator of current local economic conditions, particularly recent changes in the employment landscape that reflect the overall health of the economy.

How is our region doing?

In 2018-22, 8% of African American and 7% of Hispanic residents of the region were unemployed, compared to 4% for both Asian and white residents. This is in line with disparities observed at the statewide and national levels, but the region's unemployment rates for Hispanic and African American residents are lower than the State of Massachusetts' rates. All regional rates, except that of Hispanics, are also lower than the national rates. Unemployment rates for all groups in Middlesex, Norfolk and Worcester counties were similar. The highest rates in the counties were 9% for African American residents in Norfolk County and 8% in Worcester counties for Hispanic residents.

Since 2008-12, the region's unemployment rate declined four percentage points among Hispanic workers, three percentage points Asian workers, six and a half percentage points among African American workers and three percentage points among white residents.

Why do these disparities exist?

While traditional explanations for employment rate disparities focus on education and training gaps, whites tend to be employed at higher rates than Blacks and other people of color at every education level (high school, some college, bachelor's degree, etc.). This has led many researchers to focus on labor market discrimination as a primary cause of higher unemployment among people of color. However, it is also true that education levels are generally lower for people of color, suggesting that the education system's failure to equitably serve people of color is also a contributing factor.

Notes about the data

The multi-year figures are from the Census Bureau's American Community Survey. The bureau combined five years of responses to the survey to provide estimates for smaller geographic areas and increase the precision of its estimates. The survey provides data on characteristics of the population that used to be collected only during the decennial census.

Data on unemployment by race and ethnicity is only available from the American Community Survey, and it is somewhat different from the total population unemployment data produced by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics using responses to the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey. Two different survey methodologies are used (ACS responses are collected by mail, phone and in person; CPS uses phone and in-person interviews), CPS questions on employment are more detailed, and CPS requires that someone be "actively" searching for work (interviewing, calling contacts) in order to qualify as unemployed. In addition, the ACS estimates used here cover a 5-year period, compared to an annual average of monthly estimates presented in the general unemployment indicator. In 2009, the annual unemployment estimates for the nation from the two surveys varied, with ACS at 9.9% and CPS at 9.3%. Data for this indicator are expected to be released in the fourth quarter.

Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity, 2018-22
AsianBlack or African AmericanHispanicWhite
United States4.4%8.9%6.2%4.4%
Massachusetts4.1%8.3%8.6%4.6%
Region3.8%7.9%7.1%4.4%
Middlesex County3.8%7.1%6.9%4.0%
Norfolk County3.8%9.0%*5.8%*4.6%
Worcester County4.0%*8.1%*8.0%4.9%
Acton town, Middlesex County4.0%***31.7%***1.9%***3.1%**
Ashland town, Middlesex County0.0%***17.8%***7.1%***3.0%***
Bedford town, Middlesex County8.1%***15.6%***6.5%***6.9%***
Bellingham town, Norfolk County6.1%***55.3%***4.0%***7.1%**
Boxborough town, Middlesex County0.0%***0.0%***0.0%***7.5%***
Carlisle town, Middlesex County0.0%***0.0%***21.4%***3.2%***
Concord town, Middlesex County3.4%***21.3%***0.0%***3.9%**
Dedham town, Norfolk County6.9%***2.6%***0.0%***4.0%**
Dover town, Norfolk County9.3%***0.0%***0.0%***4.5%***
Framingham city, Middlesex County3.4%***11.6%***4.7%**4.4%*
Franklin town, Norfolk County0.0%***24.7%***16.5%***5.2%**
Groton town, Middlesex County4.6%***0.0%***0.0%***5.0%***
Harvard town, Worcester County0.0%***0.0%***4.8%***4.8%***
Holliston town, Middlesex County1.0%***0.0%***14.7%***3.9%**
Hopkinton town, Middlesex County3.2%***0.0%***4.0%***2.1%***
Hudson town, Middlesex County0.0%***20.4%***0.0%***4.7%**
Lexington town, Middlesex County5.4%**0.0%***2.0%***3.1%**
Lincoln town, Middlesex County0.0%***0.0%***2.6%***3.8%***
Littleton town, Middlesex County0.0%***0.0%***5.5%***6.2%***
Marlborough city, Middlesex County1.7%***2.6%***5.6%***5.7%*
Maynard town, Middlesex County0.0%***0.0%***0.0%***2.6%***
Medfield town, Norfolk County7.3%***0.0%***9.4%***3.9%**
Medway town, Norfolk County0.0%***35.1%***0.0%***2.9%**
Milford town, Worcester County14.7%***5.5%***6.5%***4.7%**
Millis town, Norfolk County0.0%***0.0%***0.0%***3.5%***
Natick town, Middlesex County2.1%***1.3%***1.7%***3.3%**
Needham town, Norfolk County3.4%***8.5%***7.3%***5.3%**
Sherborn town, Middlesex County0.0%***0.0%***0.0%***6.6%***
Southborough town, Worcester County4.0%***0.0%***4.7%***2.6%***
Stow town, Middlesex County0.0%***57.9%***1.6%***1.4%***
Sudbury town, Middlesex County2.2%***0.0%***0.0%***4.9%**
Walpole town, Norfolk County0.0%***4.3%***14.4%***4.4%*
Waltham city, Middlesex County2.3%***5.3%***6.2%***2.4%*
Wayland town, Middlesex County2.8%***0.0%***2.6%***3.0%***
Wellesley town, Norfolk County1.1%***21.9%***2.6%***4.2%*
Westborough town, Worcester County2.1%***10.1%***0.0%***3.1%**
Westford town, Middlesex County2.5%***0.0%***0.0%***4.2%*
Weston town, Middlesex County1.6%***0.0%***0.7%***2.1%***
Westwood town, Norfolk County1.7%***0.0%***0.0%***3.2%**

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Notes: Multiyear results are from rolling American Community Survey. * Margin of error between 20% & 35% of estimate; ** margin of error between 35% & 50%; *** margin of error greater than 50%. The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African-American, etc.) separate from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.




Number Unemployed by Race/Ethnicity, 2018-22
AsianBlack or African AmericanHispanicWhite
United States455,4671,821,1101,879,6334,955,137
Massachusetts11,38122,49238,228130,908
Region7,5437,93910,44459,460
Middlesex County4,7373,2265,04827,278
Norfolk County1,8682,731*1,255*13,814
Worcester County938*1,982*4,14118,368
Acton town, Middlesex County128***146***10***264**
Ashland town, Middlesex County0***114***66***247***
Bedford town, Middlesex County120***23***21***367***
Bellingham town, Norfolk County10***68***21***622**
Boxborough town, Middlesex County0***0***0***181***
Carlisle town, Middlesex County0***0***9***65***
Concord town, Middlesex County16***54***0***257**
Dedham town, Norfolk County30***27***0***488**
Dover town, Norfolk County35***0***0***103***
Framingham city, Middlesex County104***307***313**1,055*
Franklin town, Norfolk County0***72***115***921**
Groton town, Middlesex County15***0***0***265***
Harvard town, Worcester County0***0***11***128***
Holliston town, Middlesex County5***0***55***295**
Hopkinton town, Middlesex County55***0***9***168***
Hudson town, Middlesex County0***11***0***421**
Lexington town, Middlesex County307**0***11***313**
Lincoln town, Middlesex County0***0***3***80***
Littleton town, Middlesex County0***0***6***296***
Marlborough city, Middlesex County22***22***235***898*
Maynard town, Middlesex County0***0***0***140***
Medfield town, Norfolk County20***0***48***228**
Medway town, Norfolk County0***33***0***196**
Milford town, Worcester County79***36***147***593**
Millis town, Norfolk County0***0***0***146***
Natick town, Middlesex County60***5***15***581**
Needham town, Norfolk County65***34***32***729**
Sherborn town, Middlesex County0***0***0***135***
Southborough town, Worcester County34***0***10***124***
Stow town, Middlesex County0***99***1***42***
Sudbury town, Middlesex County21***0***0***388**
Walpole town, Norfolk County0***13***111***557*
Waltham city, Middlesex County122***133***352***621*
Wayland town, Middlesex County29***0***10***175***
Wellesley town, Norfolk County20***52***22***427*
Westborough town, Worcester County61***33***0***236**
Westford town, Middlesex County74***0***0***424*
Weston town, Middlesex County12***0***2***78***
Westwood town, Norfolk County14***0***0***207**

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Notes: Multiyear results are from rolling American Community Survey. * Margin of error between 20% & 35% of estimate; ** margin of error between 35% & 50%; *** margin of error greater than 50%. The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African-American, etc.) separate from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.




INDICATORS
Early Prenatal Care by Mother's Race/Ethnicity
Children Living in Poverty
Children Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Single-Parent Families
Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity
Disengaged Youth
Reports of Domestic Violence
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Establishments
Households Without Vehicles
Means of Transportation to Work
Households With Internet Access
Voter Participation Rate
Average Charitable Contribution
People Without Health Insurance
Opioid Overdose Mortality Rate
Crimes Against People
Incarceration Rates, by Race/Ethnicity
Change in Total Population
Change in Population by Race/Ethnicity
Foreign-Born Population
Language Diversity
Population by Age
Change in Population by Age/Gender
Seniors Living Alone
People with Disabilities
Change in Total Jobs by Sector
Business Ownership by Race/Ethnicity
Unemployment Rate
Share of Workers who are Professionals, by Race/Ethnicity
Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity
Average Salary by Sector
High-Tech Jobs
Female to Male Earnings Ratio
Prekindergarten Participation
Student Performance on Grade 3 English, by Student Group
School Spending Per Student
Student Performance on Grade 8 Math by Student Group
Chronically Absent Students
High School Cohort Graduation Rate by Student Group
Education Levels of Adults
College Admission Rate, by Race/Ethnicity
Education Levels of Adults, by Race/Ethnicity
People Living in Poverty
People Living in Poverty, by Education Level
People Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Households Receiving Temporary Assistance
Participation in Food Assistance by Race/Ethnicity
Median Household Income
Median Household Income, by Race/Ethnicity
Living Wage
80/20 Income Ratio
Access to Financial Services, by Race/Ethnicity
Homeownership Rates
Homeownership Rates, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Homeownership
Cost of Homeownership, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Rent
Cost of Rent, by Race/Ethnicity
Homelessness
Early Prenatal Care by Mother's Race/Ethnicity
Children Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity
Incarceration Rates, by Race/Ethnicity
Change in Population by Race/Ethnicity
Business Ownership by Race/Ethnicity
Share of Workers who are Professionals, by Race/Ethnicity
Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity
Student Performance on Grade 3 English, by Student Group
Student Performance on Grade 8 Math by Student Group
High School Cohort Graduation Rate by Student Group
College Admission Rate, by Race/Ethnicity
Education Levels of Adults, by Race/Ethnicity
People Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Participation in Food Assistance by Race/Ethnicity
Median Household Income, by Race/Ethnicity
Access to Financial Services, by Race/Ethnicity
Homeownership Rates, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Homeownership, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Rent, by Race/Ethnicity


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