Education
School Spending Per Student

Maintaining


Per-Student Spending

What does this measure?

Total spending by public school districts in a county, divided by total pupils.

Why is this important?

High spending for schools can mean that better facilities, programs and a greater range of opportunities are available to students. It may also signal public support for education and a more experienced teaching workforce. However, studies have found higher spending does not necessarily lead to higher student achievement, given the many factors that contribute to student success, including parental and community influences.

How is our region doing?

In 2022, public school districts in MetroWest spent $19,800 per student, about $300 below the state average. Since 2008, MetroWest per-student spending has been roughly consistent with the state's level.

From 2008 to 2022, spending per pupil, adjusted for inflation, has risen approximately 19% in the state and 18% in MetroWest, overall.

Notes about the data

Figures have been adjusted to 2022 dollars. Comparisons can be misleading as certain categories of students--English Language Learners, children with special needs--require specialized resources that can be more expensive than general education students.

Per-Student Spending
200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022
Massachusetts$16,919$17,739$17,512$17,374$17,382$17,617$17,951$18,450$18,886$19,012$19,237$19,610$19,871$20,588$20,134
Region$16,725$17,550$17,465$17,262$17,350$17,611$17,931$18,531$18,927$19,057$19,198$19,487$19,759$20,464$19,780
Middlesex County$17,786$18,606$18,502$18,283$18,329$18,605$18,913$19,562$19,960$20,087$20,225$20,423$20,694$21,474$20,738
Norfolk County$16,374$17,280$17,359$17,159$17,225$17,660$18,094$18,818$19,306$19,670$19,740$19,985$20,317$21,029$20,172
Worcester County$15,313$16,088$15,910$15,730$15,885$15,989$16,220$16,641$16,954$16,871$17,048$17,507$17,723$18,283$17,823
Acton School District$13,978$15,020$15,094$14,936$14,874$15,287$15,544
Acton-Boxborough School District$16,621$17,369$17,595$17,150$17,459$17,540$18,466$17,306$17,980$18,145$18,295$18,805$19,561$20,475$19,315
Ashland School District$15,403$15,797$15,497$15,622$15,499$15,925$16,405$16,802$15,963$16,429$16,864$16,600$16,786$17,444$16,074
Bedford School District$19,892$21,301$21,421$22,069$21,159$21,348$21,295$22,027$22,081$21,314$22,031$22,809$22,823$23,083$22,107
Bellingham School District$14,135$15,063$14,302$15,027$15,177$15,646$16,045$16,324$17,499$17,546$18,160$19,448$19,925$20,994$20,659
Boxborough School District$15,804$17,634$19,281$18,503$19,792$22,684$20,671
Carlisle School District$18,319$19,943$20,375$20,687$21,177$21,709$21,885$22,287$24,033$24,269$23,370$24,856$23,417$23,145$22,655
Christa McAuliffe Charter Public (District)$19,639$21,073$21,053$21,523$20,761$17,101
Concord School District$21,650$22,292$22,062$21,646$21,533$20,224$20,344$21,629$22,993$22,891$23,212$24,245$24,310$25,131$24,822
Concord-Carlisle School District$23,768$25,003$25,329$26,106$26,162$26,068$25,276$26,570$26,223$26,444$26,190$26,985$26,386$25,213$24,823
Dedham School District$18,884$20,240$19,933$20,113$20,445$20,645$20,899$21,953$22,832$23,447$23,649$23,835$24,050$25,932$24,661
Dover School District$20,503$22,632$20,999$22,908$23,342$24,275$26,376$29,958$28,329$27,538$28,016$26,451$27,490$27,910$24,988
Dover-Sherborn School District$21,327$21,536$21,341$21,461$20,947$21,511$21,819$23,056$23,166$24,181$24,440$24,512$23,550$23,610$23,350
Foxborough Regional Charter$14,702$14,591$15,333$16,640$16,598$14,449
Framingham School District$19,873$20,971$21,038$20,516$20,379$20,747$21,139$21,543$22,056$22,182$22,363$22,377$22,171$23,106$22,484
Francis W. Parker Charter Essential$18,435$19,103$17,366$20,920$20,986$16,238
Franklin School District$13,254$13,655$13,858$13,932$14,159$13,983$14,696$15,354$16,230$16,655$16,969$17,553$17,923$18,429$17,651
Harvard School District$16,895$17,557$17,589$17,532$17,825$18,455$19,189$19,507$19,984$21,242$20,997$22,846$22,837$22,687$22,506
Holliston School District$15,246$15,569$16,354$15,728$15,548$15,764$16,053$16,603$16,109$16,299$16,487$16,899$17,017$17,089$16,300
Hopkinton School District$15,412$15,763$15,999$16,000$15,898$16,338$16,202$16,712$17,226$17,813$17,501$17,270$16,755$17,140$16,177
Hudson School District$15,618$16,046$15,793$16,330$16,946$17,606$17,654$18,073$18,935$19,917$19,940$20,343$20,336$21,474$20,745
Innovation Academy Charter$16,630$16,982$17,599$18,150$18,274$16,007
Lexington School District$19,667$20,964$21,289$21,535$21,320$21,131$21,526$22,061$21,952$21,836$21,849$21,354$22,186$23,144$22,737
Lincoln School District$24,724$27,752$29,274$27,031$24,843$24,064$24,615$25,852$26,580$27,154$27,302$27,717$29,440$30,444$30,586
Lincoln-Sudbury School District$21,135$21,518$21,908$21,300$22,103$22,924$22,395$22,905$23,512$24,389$25,382$26,050$25,152$25,986$24,401
Littleton School District$15,437$15,321$15,946$16,513$16,009$15,978$16,910$17,274$17,497$18,061$18,085$18,425$18,810$19,201$18,317
Marlborough School District$18,274$18,930$18,554$18,149$18,098$18,496$18,520$19,562$19,750$19,986$19,582$19,433$19,377$19,756$18,104
Maynard School District$16,624$18,386$17,848$17,482$17,619$17,998$17,478$18,079$18,155$18,599$19,982$22,656$22,459$22,574$23,022
Medfield School District$13,534$14,381$14,415$14,699$15,079$15,478$16,163$17,099$17,468$18,153$18,519$19,265$19,076$19,910$18,770
Medway School District$13,204$14,071$14,715$15,146$15,009$15,618$15,610$16,432$16,921$17,104$17,351$18,328$18,380$19,412$18,537
Milford School District$14,778$15,703$16,078$15,888$15,657$15,613$15,943$16,471$16,929$16,821$17,072$17,490$17,356$17,818$17,465
Millis School District$13,613$14,434$13,870$13,719$13,560$14,716$15,346$16,657$17,481$17,602$17,041$19,120$19,749$19,912$20,251
Nashoba School District$16,408$16,912$16,804$16,261$16,170$16,466$16,873$17,612$18,093$18,585$19,335$19,875$20,302$21,136$19,399
Natick School District$16,691$17,633$17,327$16,457$16,757$16,973$16,750$17,341$17,425$19,728$19,106$18,539$18,934$18,789$18,169
Needham School District$17,061$17,672$17,781$17,696$17,516$17,989$18,568$19,633$20,177$20,663$21,152$21,551$21,703$22,839$22,808
Sherborn School District$17,262$19,262$21,184$19,683$20,038$24,267$22,719$24,119$23,332$22,059$22,683$24,296$24,573$23,357$21,997
Southborough School District$15,996$17,241$17,496$17,995$18,904$19,240$20,175$21,065$21,660$22,371$22,547$23,175$23,387$23,247$22,584
Sudbury School District$15,166$15,344$15,838$16,079$16,442$16,866$17,611$18,163$18,606$18,632$19,295$19,583$20,128$21,552$20,450
Walpole School District$15,267$16,113$16,066$15,211$15,322$16,040$16,690$17,382$17,368$17,968$18,438$18,856$18,826$18,788$18,501
Waltham School District$24,033$25,796$25,446$25,684$24,090$23,700$24,108$24,621$24,683$24,618$25,231$25,147$24,391$25,496$24,045
Wayland School District$19,075$19,565$20,426$19,718$20,270$20,322$20,330$21,796$21,598$22,052$21,853$22,256$22,047$22,263$21,579
Wellesley School District$18,915$19,547$20,657$20,064$19,228$21,648$21,149$22,454$22,724$23,668$23,753$24,058$24,330$26,118$25,313
Westborough School District$17,521$18,250$18,198$18,224$18,540$17,971$18,217$18,207$18,967$18,500$18,460$19,459$19,150$19,761$19,427
Westford School District$13,315$13,847$14,357$14,544$14,593$14,872$15,489$16,197$16,496$16,739$17,256$17,320$17,802$17,557$17,328
Weston School District$23,131$24,585$24,952$25,177$25,385$25,853$26,767$28,113$29,141$28,924$29,565$29,587$30,575$32,720$30,446
Westwood School District$18,085$18,878$18,540$18,213$18,097$18,626$18,960$19,575$20,379$21,007$21,340$22,120$22,456$22,140$22,370

Source: Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education
Notes: Figures are in constant 2022 dollars.




Total Student Spending
200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022
Massachusetts$16,743,624,894$17,475,786,292$17,270,207,294$17,106,345,337$17,018,970,626$17,294,432,213$17,636,140,506$18,136,149,943$18,550,631,095$19,557,777,081$18,981,673,064$20,257,660,738$20,512,161,621$20,440,577,302$20,197,461,902
Region$7,640,307,638$8,006,206,106$8,002,274,065$7,904,567,566$7,918,204,230$8,044,674,850$8,205,235,356$8,466,997,306$8,656,800,430$9,014,254,283$9,135,858,919$9,277,636,050$9,407,442,246$9,354,084,629$9,184,830,216
Middlesex County$3,856,886,375$4,024,308,507$4,019,153,016$3,967,606,657$3,975,822,861$4,042,858,282$4,139,534,314$4,281,886,180$4,388,260,052$4,627,754,327$4,685,819,193$4,744,519,434$4,814,600,900$4,798,907,753$4,718,756,224
Norfolk County$1,676,542,128$1,774,690,181$1,788,860,919$1,773,170,960$1,778,780,636$1,825,156,170$1,867,203,036$1,938,217,613$1,984,775,031$2,057,645,021$2,104,319,272$2,141,058,300$2,179,117,735$2,173,051,975$2,107,923,733
Worcester County$2,106,879,135$2,207,207,418$2,194,260,130$2,163,789,949$2,163,600,733$2,176,660,398$2,198,498,006$2,246,893,512$2,283,765,346$2,328,854,935$2,345,720,455$2,392,058,316$2,413,723,611$2,382,124,902$2,358,150,259
Acton School District$36,674,307$38,996,945$40,007,804$38,761,092$38,048,759$38,914,981$38,870,262
Acton-Boxborough School District$50,240,784$52,780,054$53,012,927$51,867,023$52,378,318$52,745,265$55,173,306$100,198,836$103,316,841$104,290,725$105,411,012$107,393,997$108,881,577$109,435,399$103,747,255
Ashland School District$42,385,724$43,036,706$42,476,249$42,565,650$41,725,121$42,535,073$44,402,750$45,912,235$45,109,250$46,289,520$48,137,522$48,739,465$49,301,342$49,006,830$47,967,197
Bedford School District$48,792,437$52,959,181$53,403,366$54,137,464$54,154,790$54,528,050$56,051,409$57,559,093$57,690,964$57,189,933$59,280,825$61,925,253$62,410,277$61,694,211$59,388,264
Bellingham School District$39,380,297$41,719,440$39,472,058$40,298,860$39,515,456$40,038,215$40,739,452$41,403,908$43,171,017$43,679,801$44,952,125$47,566,627$48,029,720$48,035,879$48,041,586
Boxborough School District$8,927,463$9,363,513$9,758,146$9,159,190$9,539,605$9,393,501$9,202,793
Carlisle School District$14,294,483$14,647,817$14,398,742$14,234,746$13,852,074$14,110,547$14,052,635$14,393,142$14,840,105$14,510,154$14,709,164$15,281,584$14,455,355$13,840,741$14,261,370
Christa McAuliffe Charter Public (District)$7,745,711$8,357,411$8,286,424$8,529,512$8,277,263$6,563,531
Concord School District$41,257,183$42,909,962$43,191,255$42,832,620$43,799,813$44,166,140$45,000,641$46,275,527$48,616,248$49,392,148$49,875,122$52,065,361$51,934,985$51,212,100$50,393,823
Concord-Carlisle School District$30,632,683$31,813,505$32,458,626$32,564,852$32,508,934$32,991,853$32,360,762$34,708,484$34,995,095$35,032,838$34,444,792$35,031,769$34,888,196$33,976,948$33,808,579
Dedham School District$55,629,629$59,434,383$59,381,760$59,565,382$59,776,013$59,950,836$59,661,708$62,230,805$63,684,482$64,812,693$65,131,275$65,895,245$68,391,926$68,946,282$66,898,333
Dover School District$12,673,181$13,628,692$12,404,238$12,793,997$12,429,868$13,127,685$13,892,277$14,832,373$13,940,629$13,735,747$14,179,091$13,487,129$13,709,320$13,754,092$12,691,430
Dover-Sherborn School District$23,229,153$24,406,733$25,018,114$25,250,950$25,411,250$25,692,618$26,172,211$27,805,327$28,028,649$28,922,331$29,589,400$29,771,976$29,484,764$28,794,213$28,103,605
Foxborough Regional Charter$18,518,994$21,335,326$24,828,401$27,333,723$28,129,949$24,057,766
Framingham School District$167,212,600$177,778,641$178,665,520$176,397,392$176,109,844$180,908,745$188,130,315$193,545,382$203,564,092$208,027,783$212,353,432$214,876,592$219,938,530$218,650,339$224,379,948
Francis W. Parker Charter Essential$7,257,934$7,576,336$6,852,766$8,294,593$8,283,157$6,206,037
Franklin School District$88,745,057$91,742,673$91,698,935$91,099,041$91,332,175$89,981,218$91,871,191$94,584,138$96,541,662$98,038,353$97,401,943$99,656,121$99,851,182$97,872,987$92,932,730
Harvard School District$22,975,113$23,180,455$23,240,212$23,095,449$23,369,139$23,355,244$23,529,810$23,416,338$23,760,610$24,854,891$23,986,944$25,497,904$25,052,139$24,016,519$24,628,720
Holliston School District$46,408,553$46,788,918$48,113,196$46,033,821$45,281,524$45,513,389$46,418,995$48,149,550$47,919,460$48,314,477$49,252,266$50,329,139$51,300,745$49,117,738$47,942,455
Hopkinton School District$53,653,713$55,386,688$56,330,274$55,576,677$55,365,318$56,638,561$56,876,482$58,540,500$60,359,703$63,229,885$63,643,422$65,518,053$66,151,979$68,702,687$66,548,973
Hudson School District$46,953,101$49,275,645$50,074,149$50,823,989$52,190,112$53,574,352$54,358,124$54,330,930$56,027,963$57,005,490$56,884,157$56,600,380$57,218,645$57,479,840$55,519,890
Innovation Academy Charter$13,171,012$13,598,843$13,968,236$14,427,043$14,350,728$12,296,855
Lexington School District$124,484,775$132,735,984$134,206,127$138,259,175$139,304,328$139,979,199$144,180,368$151,674,381$154,236,534$157,383,750$160,688,957$157,631,053$162,792,952$162,047,275$158,508,297
Lincoln School District$30,491,990$31,202,112$30,553,248$29,750,170$29,068,923$29,807,730$30,669,840$31,490,312$32,656,660$33,553,819$33,873,671$34,443,657$34,441,576$33,954,097$33,579,964
Lincoln-Sudbury School District$34,311,010$35,251,310$35,428,010$34,621,706$35,766,853$36,863,676$37,173,149$37,572,625$38,407,033$39,088,324$39,450,505$40,620,239$39,444,035$40,569,697$38,465,870
Littleton School District$27,068,009$27,322,734$27,820,704$28,172,219$28,276,372$27,526,860$28,865,738$29,720,080$30,782,067$32,073,721$32,404,106$32,851,798$33,531,081$32,110,918$32,242,689
Marlborough School District$90,206,380$93,000,212$92,725,874$91,144,861$91,583,086$95,591,723$95,488,684$101,250,213$102,717,629$106,168,064$105,821,516$106,253,279$107,070,678$106,004,254$101,093,590
Maynard School District$23,553,021$24,578,157$25,564,211$24,684,589$24,742,074$25,740,187$25,962,543$27,252,042$27,701,595$28,992,898$30,399,137$33,816,773$32,193,316$30,359,580$31,618,509
Medfield School District$41,424,031$43,511,809$43,825,446$43,536,706$43,125,638$43,125,913$43,451,069$44,945,951$46,048,176$47,564,728$48,822,979$50,353,673$50,146,769$49,972,999$48,095,732
Medway School District$37,482,540$39,673,873$40,793,291$41,377,220$40,036,327$40,415,642$39,586,453$41,082,490$41,579,060$41,575,784$41,294,411$42,492,816$41,812,298$42,333,127$41,258,545
Milford School District$63,944,091$67,509,990$68,507,121$68,892,792$68,180,048$68,617,561$70,245,386$72,341,041$74,118,538$75,444,279$76,877,465$79,813,346$82,158,688$82,148,429$84,868,510
Millis School District$18,966,231$20,994,687$20,708,171$20,864,845$20,598,613$22,083,309$22,457,342$23,768,843$24,467,103$24,235,892$22,989,409$24,559,806$24,738,149$24,320,958$24,951,051
Nashoba School District$55,913,416$58,963,010$59,460,640$58,369,945$58,052,707$59,279,066$60,075,623$63,506,871$64,108,759$65,248,895$66,818,873$66,902,210$67,452,832$67,895,307$62,926,088
Natick School District$80,343,880$86,121,215$84,936,580$81,582,841$85,090,829$88,983,334$91,126,543$95,723,019$96,561,308$110,813,572$107,576,283$104,771,434$106,873,610$101,499,989$99,428,601
Needham School District$87,274,381$92,326,266$96,200,213$96,453,731$96,629,246$100,048,333$104,138,731$110,452,013$114,561,344$118,054,936$122,119,140$125,690,625$126,457,320$128,660,427$128,972,522
Sherborn School District$8,686,407$9,513,510$9,788,957$8,627,176$8,241,469$10,078,037$9,010,466$9,478,809$9,414,543$9,690,302$9,833,125$10,262,470$10,274,006$9,261,163$8,988,106
Southborough School District$26,436,403$28,267,998$28,180,696$27,796,247$28,127,111$28,419,428$28,394,770$28,482,241$28,736,322$29,977,765$29,949,445$29,879,526$30,318,374$29,465,937$29,194,475
Sudbury School District$50,217,440$50,548,873$50,903,094$50,733,239$51,418,304$51,516,695$52,089,333$52,684,836$53,042,469$53,064,801$53,453,228$53,587,045$55,016,484$55,612,194$52,826,939
Walpole School District$61,058,325$64,483,596$64,798,808$61,221,187$62,195,013$65,447,244$67,581,391$69,297,995$69,324,333$71,309,234$72,479,180$73,274,993$72,198,145$71,231,729$69,866,438
Waltham School District$117,845,538$124,525,535$123,775,470$123,554,529$122,416,184$123,164,250$128,424,604$134,195,969$137,553,939$139,600,981$145,097,628$145,389,896$145,458,210$143,231,255$140,205,675
Wayland School District$54,375,449$55,121,981$56,732,203$54,144,846$55,442,634$56,018,885$55,481,984$59,148,302$58,794,603$59,843,166$60,636,787$61,458,920$61,481,481$61,484,228$59,929,914
Wellesley School District$91,705,573$96,812,648$99,151,771$99,912,732$96,120,494$108,066,931$107,097,618$114,384,211$115,637,797$119,672,961$120,571,550$120,950,075$120,029,576$117,201,196$110,932,530
Westborough School District$62,916,328$65,803,749$66,146,504$65,097,219$66,227,090$64,681,127$66,266,459$66,561,423$70,326,713$71,990,257$74,417,738$77,809,834$76,905,711$77,140,865$77,168,396
Westford School District$70,951,558$73,916,005$76,339,295$77,639,282$77,234,858$78,493,758$80,797,637$83,713,123$85,310,044$86,748,656$88,854,180$89,479,668$89,555,355$85,163,716$84,582,483
Weston School District$56,389,272$59,339,417$60,103,892$60,216,690$60,101,929$61,522,467$62,725,774$63,827,874$63,839,357$63,392,483$63,232,657$62,975,139$63,388,323$63,395,875$60,645,742
Westwood School District$55,141,597$58,570,210$58,303,977$57,677,833$57,805,484$58,896,890$60,605,206$63,248,196$64,396,099$66,619,799$67,224,426$69,060,063$68,270,116$65,973,657$65,763,675

Source: Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education
Notes: Figures are in constant 2022 dollars.




INDICATORS REGIONAL TREND
Early Prenatal Care by Mother's Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Children Living in Poverty Maintaining
Children Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Single-Parent Families Increasing
Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Disengaged Youth Decreasing
Reports of Domestic Violence Increasing
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Establishments Increasing
Households Without Vehicles Maintaining
Means of Transportation to Work Not Applicable
Households With Internet Access Increasing
Voter Participation Rate Decreasing
Average Charitable Contribution Maintaining
People Without Health Insurance Decreasing
Opioid Overdose Mortality Rate Increasing
Crimes Against People Decreasing
Incarceration Rates, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Change in Total Population Increasing
Change in Population by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Foreign-Born Population Increasing
Language Diversity Increasing
Population by Age Not Applicable
Change in Population by Age/Gender Not Applicable
Seniors Living Alone Decreasing
People with Disabilities Maintaining
Change in Total Jobs by Sector Not Applicable
Business Ownership by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Unemployment Rate Maintaining
Share of Workers who are Professionals, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Average Salary by Sector Not Applicable
High-Tech Jobs Decreasing
Female to Male Earnings Ratio Maintaining
Prekindergarten Participation Not Applicable
Student Performance on Grade 3 English, by Student Group Not Applicable
School Spending Per Student Maintaining
Student Performance on Grade 8 Math by Student Group Not Applicable
Chronically Absent Students Increasing
High School Cohort Graduation Rate by Student Group Not Applicable
Education Levels of Adults Not Applicable
College Admission Rate, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Education Levels of Adults, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
People Living in Poverty Maintaining
People Living in Poverty, by Education Level Not Applicable
People Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Households Receiving Temporary Assistance Maintaining
Participation in Food Assistance by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Median Household Income Maintaining
Median Household Income, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Living Wage Not Applicable
80/20 Income Ratio Maintaining
Access to Financial Services, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Homeownership Rates Maintaining
Homeownership Rates, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Cost of Homeownership Increasing
Cost of Homeownership, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Cost of Rent Not Applicable
Cost of Rent, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Homelessness Increasing
Early Prenatal Care by Mother's Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Children Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Incarceration Rates, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Change in Population by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Business Ownership by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Share of Workers who are Professionals, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Student Performance on Grade 3 English, by Student Group Not Applicable
Student Performance on Grade 8 Math by Student Group Not Applicable
High School Cohort Graduation Rate by Student Group Not Applicable
College Admission Rate, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Education Levels of Adults, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
People Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Participation in Food Assistance by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Median Household Income, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Access to Financial Services, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Homeownership Rates, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Cost of Homeownership, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable
Cost of Rent, by Race/Ethnicity Not Applicable


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