Racial Equity
Children Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity

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Children Living in Poverty by Race/Ethnicity, 2018-22

What does this measure?

The number of children under 18 living below the federally defined poverty line, expressed as a percentage of all children under 18 within a racial and ethnic group. Poverty thresholds vary by family composition and year. In 2022, the threshold for a four-person family with two children was $29,678.

Why is this important?

Children raised in impoverished environments are at higher risk for a wide variety of health and social problems, including poor performance in school. Racial and ethnic disparities in child poverty rates stem from complex and interrelated reasons. Research suggests they include both historic and modern-day discrimination, as well as public policies that reinforce or do not address racial inequities in income, education, housing and other factors that are critical to economic mobility.

How is the region doing?

In 2018-22, poverty rates in MetroWest were substantially higher among Hispanic (20%) and African American (16%) children than among white (6%) and Asian (7%) children. Since 2008-12, the rate decreased among African American children by 6 percentage points, 11 points for Hispanic children and 2 points among Asian children, and White children by 1 point. Compared to Massachusetts, MetroWest's poverty rates were lower for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially among Hispanic children and African American children.

Racial and ethnic disparities existed across each of the region's counties. Poverty rates were highest in Worcester County for Hispanic children, at 24%, compared to 19% in Middlesex. For African American children, the poverty rate was highest in Worcester, at 19%. Sample sizes for individual communities in the region were too small to report reliably.

Why do these disparities exist?

Large and persistent disparities in poverty rates are the result of historic and current policies and practices that disadvantage people of color. Research has connected slavery and the inability of black Americans even after emancipation to fully participate in economic life to the wealth and income gaps still present today. Poverty crosses generations, resulting in high rates of child poverty rates. Factors include: living in a single-parent household, especially if the single parent is female; having parent(s) who are unemployed, employed and/or underemployed in low-wage jobs or incarcerated; and living in communities that have experienced disinvestment and have ineffective and/or under-resourced schools.

Notes about the data

Poverty status is not reported for people in institutions, including college dormitories and military barracks, and people in living situations without conventional housing. The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African American, etc.) separately from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.

The multiyear figures are from the Census Bureau's American Community Survey. The bureau combined 5 years of responses to the survey to provide estimates for smaller geographic areas and increase the precision of its estimates. However, because the information came from a survey, the samples responding to the survey were not always large enough to produce reliable results, especially in small geographic areas. CGR has noted on data tables the estimates with relatively large margins of error. Estimates with three asterisks have the largest margins, plus or minus 50% or more of the estimate. Two asterisks mean plus or minus 35%-50%, and one asterisk means plus or minus 20%-35%. For all estimates, the confidence level is 90%, meaning there is 90% probability the true value (if the whole population were surveyed) would be within the margin of error (or confidence interval). The survey provides data on characteristics of the population that used to be collected only during the decennial census. Data for this indicator are released annually in December.

Children Living in Poverty by Race/Ethnicity, 2018-22
AsianBlack or African AmericanHispanic or LatinoWhite
United States10%31%23%12%
Massachusetts8%21%26%8%
Region7%16%20%6%
Middlesex County6%17%19%6%
Norfolk County7%*12%*11%*5%
Worcester County8%*19%24%9%
Acton town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***2%***
Ashland town, Middlesex County4%***0%***3%***2%***
Bedford town, Middlesex County6%***0%***10%***2%***
Bellingham town, Norfolk County0%***0%***8%***7%***
Boxborough town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***3%***
Carlisle town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***4%***
Concord town, Middlesex County2%***0%***0%***1%***
Dedham town, Norfolk County0%***6%***1%***3%***
Dover town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***0%***
Framingham city, Middlesex County5%***18%***30%*9%**
Franklin town, Norfolk County6%***0%***17%***3%***
Groton town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***3%***
Harvard town, Worcester County0%***0%***0%***3%***
Holliston town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***2%***
Hopkinton town, Middlesex County5%***0%***9%***4%***
Hudson town, Middlesex County0%***4%***18%***5%***
Lexington town, Middlesex County5%***0%***13%***1%***
Lincoln town, Middlesex County12%***0%***20%***11%***
Littleton town, Middlesex County11%***0%***40%***3%***
Marlborough city, Middlesex County1%***4%***15%***8%***
Maynard town, Middlesex County0%***0%***13%***11%***
Medfield town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***3%***
Medway town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***3%***
Milford town, Worcester County0%***0%***14%***16%***
Millis town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***7%***
Natick town, Middlesex County0%***18%***0%***2%***
Needham town, Norfolk County0%***0%***10%***2%***
Sherborn town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***2%***
Southborough town, Worcester County3%***0%***0%***2%***
Stow town, Middlesex County100%***0%***0%***0%***
Sudbury town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***1%***
Walpole town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***6%**
Waltham city, Middlesex County12%***17%***17%***4%***
Wayland town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***4%***
Wellesley town, Norfolk County1%***30%***0%***3%***
Westborough town, Worcester County0%***0%***14%***5%***
Westford town, Middlesex County0%***0%***1%***1%***
Weston town, Middlesex County30%***0%***0%***6%***
Westwood town, Norfolk County6%***0%***8%***3%***

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Notes: Multiyear results are from rolling American Community Survey. * Margin of error between 20% & 35% of estimate; ** margin of error between 35% & 50%; *** margin of error greater than 50%. The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African-American, etc.) separate from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.




Number of Children Living in Poverty by Race/Ethnicity, 2018-22
AsianBlack or African AmericanHispanic or LatinoWhite
United States377,4123,006,5124,231,6865,223,712
Massachusetts7,47525,11767,80269,332
Region4,6207,04216,44726,943
Middlesex County2,6803,3467,36811,191
Norfolk County1,180*1,438*1,138*4,528
Worcester County760*2,2587,94111,224
Acton town, Middlesex County0***0***0***64***
Ashland town, Middlesex County30***0***14***36***
Bedford town, Middlesex County55***0***21***48***
Bellingham town, Norfolk County0***0***30***193***
Boxborough town, Middlesex County0***0***0***19***
Carlisle town, Middlesex County0***0***0***46***
Concord town, Middlesex County5***0***0***27***
Dedham town, Norfolk County0***9***4***117***
Dover town, Norfolk County0***0***0***0***
Framingham city, Middlesex County38***207***1,240*692**
Franklin town, Norfolk County31***0***67***171***
Groton town, Middlesex County0***0***0***77***
Harvard town, Worcester County0***0***0***30***
Holliston town, Middlesex County0***0***0***51***
Hopkinton town, Middlesex County48***0***16***129***
Hudson town, Middlesex County0***4***49***161***
Lexington town, Middlesex County171***0***45***57***
Lincoln town, Middlesex County15***0***105***145***
Littleton town, Middlesex County28***0***25***53***
Marlborough city, Middlesex County5***16***275***383***
Maynard town, Middlesex County0***0***27***226***
Medfield town, Norfolk County0***0***0***90***
Medway town, Norfolk County0***0***0***60***
Milford town, Worcester County0***0***138***614***
Millis town, Norfolk County0***0***0***111***
Natick town, Middlesex County0***17***0***99***
Needham town, Norfolk County0***0***33***114***
Sherborn town, Middlesex County0***0***0***21***
Southborough town, Worcester County17***0***0***30***
Stow town, Middlesex County113***0***0***0***
Sudbury town, Middlesex County0***0***0***33***
Walpole town, Norfolk County0***0***0***342**
Waltham city, Middlesex County61***161***451***181***
Wayland town, Middlesex County0***0***0***114***
Wellesley town, Norfolk County12***28***0***179***
Westborough town, Worcester County0***0***71***131***
Westford town, Middlesex County6***0***6***43***
Weston town, Middlesex County76***0***0***125***
Westwood town, Norfolk County32***0***26***77***

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Notes: Multiyear results are from rolling American Community Survey. * Margin of error between 20% & 35% of estimate; ** margin of error between 35% & 50%; *** margin of error greater than 50%. The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African-American, etc.) separate from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.




Children Living in Poverty by Race/Ethnicity, 2008-12
AsianBlack or African AmericanHispanic or LatinoWhite
United States13%37%32%16%
Massachusetts12%27%38%10%
Region9%22%31%7%
Middlesex County10%24%25%6%
Norfolk County7%*17%*21%*5%
Worcester County9%*22%41%11%
Acton town, Middlesex County1%***0%***0%***4%***
Ashland town, Middlesex County0%***1%***0%***4%***
Bedford town, Middlesex County7%***0%***0%***9%***
Bellingham town, Norfolk County0%***0%***15%***6%***
Boxborough town, Middlesex County4%***0%***0%***5%***
Carlisle town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***7%***
Concord town, Middlesex County0%***100%***0%***7%**
Dedham town, Norfolk County8%***5%***17%***7%***
Dover town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***3%***
Framingham city, Middlesex County2%***50%**30%*8%*
Franklin town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***4%***
Groton town, Middlesex County46%***0%***0%***1%***
Harvard town, Worcester County0%***100%***0%***2%***
Holliston town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***2%***
Hopkinton town, Middlesex County0%***0%***2%***2%***
Hudson town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***4%***
Lexington town, Middlesex County2%***15%***0%***3%***
Lincoln town, Middlesex County13%***0%***0%***5%***
Littleton town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***2%***
Marlborough city, Middlesex County0%***0%***30%**7%*
Maynard town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***0%***
Medfield town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***5%***
Medway town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***1%***
Milford town, Worcester County0%***58%***39%**10%*
Millis town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***7%***
Natick town, Middlesex County4%***11%***7%***3%***
Needham town, Norfolk County10%***48%***11%***2%***
Sherborn town, Middlesex County13%***0%***0%***1%***
Southborough town, Worcester County0%***0%***0%***0%***
Stow town, Middlesex County0%***0%***10%***1%***
Sudbury town, Middlesex County0%***0%***7%***1%***
Walpole town, Norfolk County0%***19%***45%***4%***
Waltham city, Middlesex County12%***53%***21%**6%**
Wayland town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***1%***
Wellesley town, Norfolk County4%***0%***30%***2%***
Westborough town, Worcester County0%***0%***32%***2%***
Westford town, Middlesex County0%***0%***39%***2%***
Weston town, Middlesex County0%***0%***0%***0%***
Westwood town, Norfolk County0%***0%***0%***2%***

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Notes: Multiyear results are from rolling American Community Survey. * Margin of error between 20% & 35% of estimate; ** margin of error between 35% & 50%; *** margin of error greater than 50%. The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African-American, etc.) separate from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.




Number of Children Living in Poverty by Race/Ethnicity, 2008-12
AsianBlack or African AmericanHispanic or LatinoWhite
United States406,4473,891,0745,296,2708,135,561
Massachusetts9,48633,12979,060103,412
Region4,9898,31219,56437,144
Middlesex County3,2904,3137,33413,424
Norfolk County909*1,848*1,371*6,459
Worcester County790*2,15110,85917,261
Acton town, Middlesex County13***0***0***183***
Ashland town, Middlesex County0***1***0***136***
Bedford town, Middlesex County26***0***0***221***
Bellingham town, Norfolk County0***0***18***204***
Boxborough town, Middlesex County8***0***0***53***
Carlisle town, Middlesex County0***0***0***74***
Concord town, Middlesex County0***1***0***252**
Dedham town, Norfolk County11***16***58***285***
Dover town, Norfolk County0***0***0***37***
Framingham city, Middlesex County23***760**794*800*
Franklin town, Norfolk County0***0***0***307***
Groton town, Middlesex County19***0***0***30***
Harvard town, Worcester County0***85***0***31***
Holliston town, Middlesex County0***0***0***80***
Hopkinton town, Middlesex County0***0***1***79***
Hudson town, Middlesex County0***0***0***158***
Lexington town, Middlesex County33***10***0***175***
Lincoln town, Middlesex County12***0***0***76***
Littleton town, Middlesex County0***0***0***44***
Marlborough city, Middlesex County0***1***379**431*
Maynard town, Middlesex County0***0***0***0***
Medfield town, Norfolk County0***0***0***163***
Medway town, Norfolk County0***0***0***20***
Milford town, Worcester County0***67***423**576*
Millis town, Norfolk County0***0***0***113***
Natick town, Middlesex County30***31***31***193***
Needham town, Norfolk County65***80***30***124***
Sherborn town, Middlesex County10***0***0***11***
Southborough town, Worcester County0***0***0***10***
Stow town, Middlesex County0***0***14***14***
Sudbury town, Middlesex County0***0***9***58***
Walpole town, Norfolk County0***23***110***197***
Waltham city, Middlesex County87***244***455**340**
Wayland town, Middlesex County0***0***0***35***
Wellesley town, Norfolk County26***0***117***95***
Westborough town, Worcester County0***0***123***57***
Westford town, Middlesex County0***0***42***81***
Weston town, Middlesex County0***0***0***8***
Westwood town, Norfolk County0***0***0***92***

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Notes: Multiyear results are from rolling American Community Survey. * Margin of error between 20% & 35% of estimate; ** margin of error between 35% & 50%; *** margin of error greater than 50%. The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African-American, etc.) separate from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.




INDICATORS
Early Prenatal Care by Mother's Race/Ethnicity
Children Living in Poverty
Children Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Single-Parent Families
Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity
Disengaged Youth
Reports of Domestic Violence
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Establishments
Households Without Vehicles
Means of Transportation to Work
Households With Internet Access
Voter Participation Rate
Average Charitable Contribution
People Without Health Insurance
Drug Poisoning Mortality Rate
Crimes Against People
Incarceration Rates, by Race/Ethnicity
Change in Total Population
Change in Population by Race/Ethnicity
Foreign-Born Population
Language Diversity
Population by Age
Change in Population by Age/Gender
Seniors Living Alone
People with Disabilities
Change in Total Jobs by Sector
Business Ownership by Race/Ethnicity
Unemployment Rate
Share of Workers who are Professionals, by Race/Ethnicity
Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity
Average Salary by Sector
High-Tech Jobs
Female to Male Earnings Ratio
Prekindergarten Participation
Student Performance on Grade 3 English, by Student Group
School Spending Per Student
Student Performance on Grade 8 Math by Student Group
Chronically Absent Students
High School Cohort Graduation Rate by Student Group
Education Levels of Adults
College Admission Rate, by Race/Ethnicity
Education Levels of Adults, by Race/Ethnicity
People Living in Poverty
People Living in Poverty, by Education Level
People Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Households Receiving Temporary Assistance
Participation in Food Assistance by Race/Ethnicity
Median Household Income
Median Household Income, by Race/Ethnicity
Living Wage
80/20 Income Ratio
Access to Financial Services, by Race/Ethnicity
Homeownership Rates
Homeownership Rates, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Homeownership
Cost of Homeownership, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Rent
Cost of Rent, by Race/Ethnicity
Homelessness
Early Prenatal Care by Mother's Race/Ethnicity
Children Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity
Incarceration Rates, by Race/Ethnicity
Change in Population by Race/Ethnicity
Business Ownership by Race/Ethnicity
Share of Workers who are Professionals, by Race/Ethnicity
Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity
Student Performance on Grade 3 English, by Student Group
Student Performance on Grade 8 Math by Student Group
High School Cohort Graduation Rate by Student Group
College Admission Rate, by Race/Ethnicity
Education Levels of Adults, by Race/Ethnicity
People Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Participation in Food Assistance by Race/Ethnicity
Median Household Income, by Race/Ethnicity
Access to Financial Services, by Race/Ethnicity
Homeownership Rates, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Homeownership, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Rent, by Race/Ethnicity


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